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Effective decision-making in diving—and in many other high-risk activities—relies on both intuitive (System 1) and analytical (System 2) thinking. System 1 (S1) is fast, intuitive, and relies on heuristics, while System 2 (S2) is slower, more deliberate, and energy-intensive. Because S1 is effici...
‘They lost situation awareness… pay more attention!’ How many times have you heard this phrase to explain why an adverse event occurred? Pick any online forum that discusses a diving incident and you’ll be sure to see numerous comments describing the cause as a ‘loss of situation awareness’, acc...
Within the Human diver, we talk a lot about psychological safety, about the fact that when psychological safety is present, the team is more efficient, more successful, more engaged. We also say that as leaders and/or instructors, we should aim for psychological safety within our group. But how l...
An experienced CCR diver with 100s of dives was kitting up for a dive on a liveaboard boat. As the diver was about to get up from the bench, having not done their pre-dive checks on their rebreather, they realised they were light-headed and looked down to check the loop pO2 - their rebreather han...
Life is full of hazards, those things (threats) that can harm or kill you, and we use experience, processes, and rules to identify the threat, control the harm that can come from the hazard, and/or mitigate the effects if the barriers fail and we encounter the threat. Drowning is a hazard we con...
Here's the scenario. You’re on a boat preparing for a dive on the wreck of the Maine, a beautiful wreck in 30m/100ft off the South Coast of the UK. Although the wind is biting, the social nature of UK diving is keeping things warm. A newer diver, Sarah, is being briefed by the group’s self-appoin...
In a recent Human Factors in Diving class we were on a dive where the members of the team were trying to complete a task. It was a mixed group of people, some knew each other well, others had met once or twice before and the rest were completely new to the group. It was also a mix of nationalitie...
Climbing out of the water and back aboard the dive boat in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, the Divemaster, who was giving me a hand with my equipment, checked my SPG and said, “you have 500psi leftover! You could’ve stayed down another 10 minutes!” Regardless of which organization issued your c-card, 5...
Diving is often described as a “safe” sport—relaxing, fun, and open to anyone who can pass a basic training course. Yet this simplicity is deceptive. True safety is not just the absence of accidents and incidents, but the active presence of barriers, defences, and a culture that supports learning...
Diving in the Baltic Sea We weren’t diving for pleasure. We had a job to do—marking and documenting selected large elements of a wreck. The pressure was immense. Many factors had to align perfectly at the same time: the team of professional divers, the ship’s crew, the support boats, and the wea...
